/* ====================================================================== DESC: PLATFORMS: USAGE NOTES: ====================================================================== */ /* ====================================================================== FUNCTION: INPUT: RETURNS: DESC: ====================================================================== */ fillIn = new Array("In a 1995 study in Hamilton, Ohio, string students who participated in pullout lessons " + "averaged higher scores than non-pullout students in all areas of the Ohio Proficiency Test. " + "68% of the string students achieved satisfactory ratings on all sections of the test, compared " + "to 58% of the non-pullout students.
" + "-Michael D. Wallick, "A Comparison Study of the Ohio Proficiency Test Results Between Fourth-Grade " + "String Pullout Students and Those of Matched Ability," Journal of Research in Music Education, 1998.", "More music teachers are role models for minority students than teachers of any other subject. " + "6% of surveyed minority students identified music teachers as their role models, compared to 28% for English " + "teachers, 11% for elementary teachers, and 7% for physical education teachers.
" + "-"Music Teachers as Role Models for African-American students," Journal of Research in Music Education, 1993.", "Researchers at the University of California and the Niigata Brain Research " + "Institute in Japan have found an area of the brain that is activated only when reading " + "musical scores.
" + "-"Musical Brain - Special Brain Area Found for Reading Music Scores," NeuroReport, 1998.", "The scores of elementary instrumental music students on standardized " + "math tests increased with each year they participated in the instrumental program.
" + "-"Music Training Helps Underachievers," Nature, May 26, 1996.", "A 2000 Georgia Tech study indicates that a student who participates in at " + "least one college elective music course is 4.5 times more likely to stay in college than the general " + "student population.
" + "-Dr. Denise C. Gardner, Effects of Music Courses on Retention, Georgia Tech, 2000.", "On the 1999 SAT, music students continued to outperform their non-arts peers, " + "scoring 61 points higher on the verbal portion and 42 points " + "higher on the math portion of the exam.
" + "-Steven M. Demorest and Steven J. Morrison, "Does Music Make You Smarter?," Music Educators Journal, September, 2000.", "Students who participate in All-State ensembles consistently score " + "over 200 points higher on the SAT than non-music students. This figure indicates " + "that students can pursue excellence in music while also excelling academically.
" + "-Texas Music Educators Association, 1988-1996.", "Students with good rhythmic ability can more easily detect and " + "differentiate between patterns in math, music, science, and the visual arts.
" + "-"Rhythm seen as key to man's evolutionary development," TCAMS Professional resource Center, 2000.", "College students majoring in music achieve scores higher than " + "students of all other majors on college reading exams.
" + "-Carl Hartman, "Arts May Improve Students' Grades," The Associated Press, October, 1999.", "Of approximately 7,500 students at a medium-sized " + "university between 1983 and 1988, music and music education majors had the highest " + "reading scores of any students on campus, including those majoring in English, " + "biology, chemistry, and mathematics.
" + "-Peter H. Wood, :The Comparative Academic Abilities of Students in Education " + "and in Other Areas of A Multi-Focused University," ERIC Document Number ED327480.", "Music students demonstrate less test anxiety and performance " + "anxiety than students who do not study music.
" + "-"College-Age Musicians Emotionally Healthier than Non-Musician Counterparts," Houston Chronicle, 1998.", "The average scores achieved by music students on the 1999 SAT increased for " + "every year of musical study. This same trend was found in SAT scores of previous years.
" + "-Steven M. Demorest and Steven J. Morrison, "Does Music Make You Smarter?," Music Educators Journal, September, 2000.", "A majority of the engineers and technical designers in Silicon Valley " + "are also practicing musicians.
" + "-The Case for Sequential Music Education in the Core Curriculum of the Public School, Center for " + "the Arts in the Basic Curriculum, 1997.", "In a 2000 survey, 73% of respondents agree that teens who play a " + "musical instrument are less likely to have discipline problems.
" + "-Americans Love Making Music - And Value Music Education More Highly Than Ever, American Music Conference, 2000.", "Students who can perform complex rhythms can also make faster " + "and more precise corrections in many academic and physical situations, according " + "to the Center for Timing, Coordination, and Motor Skills.
" + "-Rhythm as Key to Music's Evolutionary Role in Human Intellectual Development, " + "Center for Timing, Coordination, and Motor Skills, 2000.", "A ten-year study indicates that students who study music " + "achieve higher test scores, regardless of socioeconomic background.
" + "-Dr. James Catterall, UCLA.", "A 1997 study of elementary students in " + "arts-based programs concluded that students' math test scores rose as their time in arts education classes increased.
" + "-"Arts Exposure and Class Performance," Phi Delta Kappan, October, 1998.", "In a Scottish study, one group of elementary students received musical " + "training, while another group received an equal amount of discussion skills training. " + "After 6 months, the students in the music group achieved a significant increase in reading " + "test scores, while the reading test scores of the discussion skills group did not change.
" + "-Sheila Douglas and Peter Willatts, Journal of Research in Reading, 1994.", "According to a 1991 study, students in schools with arts-focused " + "curriculums reported significantly more positive perceptions about their academic " + "abilities than students in a comparison group.
" + "-Pamela Aschbacher and Joan Herman, The Humanities Program Evaluation, 1991.", "Students who are rhythmically skilled also tend to better plan, " + "sequence, and coordinate actions in their daily lives.
" + "-"Cassily Column," TCAMS Professional Resource Center, 2000.", "In a 1999 Columbia University Study, students in the arts are " + "found to be more cooperative with teachers and peers, more self-confident, and better able " + "to express their ideas. These benefits exist across socioeconomic levels.
" + "-The Arts Education Partnership, 1999.", "College admissions officers continue to cite participation in " + "music as an important factor in making admissions decisions. They claim that music participation " + "demonstrates time management, creativity, expression, and open-mindedness.
" + "-Carl Hartman, "Arts May Improve Students' Grades," The Associated Press, October 1999.", "A group of second grade students in inner-city Los Angeles received piano " + "training twice a week, and they used specialized computer software that related the piano " + "lessons to math concepts. On standardized math tests, 50% of the second graders scored as " + "well as fifth grade students in affluent Orange County, California. The scores of the " + "entire second grade group were equal to the scores of fourth grade students in Orange County.
" + "-"Music on the Mind," Newsweek, July 24, 2000.", "Second and third grade students who were taught fractions through " + "musical rhythms scored 100% higher on fractions tests than " + "those who learned in the conventional manner.
" + "-"Rhythm Students Learn Fractions More Easily," Neurological Research, March 15, 1999.", "Students involved in arts programs had significantly higher class " + "attendance rates than a matched comparison group.
" + "-Pamela Aschbacher and Joan Herman,The Humanities Program Evaluation, 1991.", "Classroom teachers in Rhode Island noted improved behavior and " + "attitudes among a test group of students given intensive arts training.
" + "-"Music Training Helps Underachievers," Nature, May 26, 1996.", "More than nine out of ten people believe that schools should offer " + "musical instruction as part of their regular curriculum.
" + "-Americans Love Making Music - And Value Music Education More Highly Than Ever, American Music Conference, 2000.", "Teachers in schools with strong arts programs report greater professional " + "interest, motivation, self-development, and increased innovation in the classroom."
" + "-Champions of Change federal study, 1999.", "Ninth grade students in a Chicago arts program achieved reading scores that " + "were a full grade level higher than students not in the program. All other variables, " + "including race, gender, and socioeconomic status were equal in the study.
" + "-CAPE Study, President's Council on the Arts and Humanities, 2000.", "Practicing musicians demonstrate 25% more brain activity than " + "non-musicians when listening to musical sounds.
" + "-Exposure to Music is Instrumental to the Brain, University of Muenster.", "People who participate in the arts live longer than others, according to a Swedish study.
" + "-British Medical Journal, 1996.", "At-risk children participating in an arts program that includes " + "music show significant increases in self-concept, as measured by the Piers-Harris " + "Children's Self-Concept Scale.
" + "-Project ARISE: Meeting the needs of disadvantaged students throughout the arts, Auburn University, 1992.", "Martin Gardiner of Brown University tracked the criminal records of " + "Rhode Island residents from birth through age 30, and he concluded the more a resident was " + "involved in music, the lower the person's arrest record.
" + "-"Music Linked to Reduced Criminality," MuSICA Research Notes, Winter 2000.", "The part of the brain responsible for planning, foresight, and " + "coordination is substantially larger for instrumental musicians than the general public.
" + "-"Music On the Mind," Newsweek, July 24, 2000.", "Students who participate in school band or orchestra have the lowest " + "levels of current and lifelong use of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs among any group in our society.
" + "-H. Con. Res 266, United States Senate, June 13, 2000.", "In a French study, the use of melodies was shown to stimulate speech recovery in stroke victims.
" + "-Neurology, December, 1996.", "Taking a music elective course is a better indicator that a students will stay in " + "college than high SAT scores or high GPA.
" + "-Dr. Denise C. Gardner, Effect of Music Courses on Retention, Georgia Tech, 2000.", "A 1985 study by Edward Kent showed that student absence from class to study a musical " + "instrument does not result in lower academic achievement. He found no difference in academic achievement " + "between sixth grade students who were excused from class for instrumental study and those who were not, " + "matching variables of sex, race, IQ, cumulative achievement, school attended, and classroom teacher.
" + "-Cutietta, Hamann, and Walker, Spin-Offs: The Extra-Musical Advantages of a Musical Education, " + "United Musical Instruments U.S.A., Inc., 1995.", "Researchers at the University of California - Irvine reported that second grade " + "students given four months of piano keyboard training, as well as time playing with newly designed " + "computer software, scored 27% higher on proportional math and fractions tests that other children.
" + "-Shaw, Graziano, and Peterson, Neurological Research, March 15, 1999.", "Admissions officers at 70% of the nations major universities have stated " + "that high school credit and achievement in the arts are significant considerations for " + "admission to their institutions.
", "Physician and biologist Lewis Thomas studied the undergraduate majors of medical " + "school applicants. He found that 66% of music majors who applied to medical school were admitted, " + "the highest percentage of any group. 44% of biochemistry majors were admitted.
" + "-"The Case for Music in the Schools," Phi Delta Kappan, 1994.", "Music - specifically song - is one of the best training grounds for babies learning to " + "recognize the tones that add up to spoken language.
" + "-Sandra Trehub, University of Toronto, 1997.", "Researchers at the University of Muenster in Germany have discovered " + "that music lessons in childhood actually enlarge parts of the brain. An area used to " + "analyze pitch of a musical note is enlarged 25% in musicians compared to people who " + "have never played an instrument. The earlier the musicians were when they started musical " + "training, the bigger this area of the brain appears to be.
" + "-Pantev et al., Nature, April 23, 1998.", "A research team exploring the link between music and intelligence " + "reports that music training - specifically piano instruction - is far superior to computer " + "instruction in dramatically enhancing children's abstract reasoning skills necessary " + "for learning math and science."
" + "-Dr. Frances Rauscher and Dr. Gordon Shaw, Neurological Research, University of California at Irvine, February, 1997.", "There is a very high correlation between positive self-perception, high cognitive " + "competence scores, healthy self-esteem, total interest, " + "school involvement, and the study of music."
" + "-O.F. Lillemyr, "Achievement Motivation as a Factor in Self-Perception," Norwegian Research " + "Council for Science and Humanities.", "On the basis of observation and experiments with newborns, neuroscientists " + "now know that infants are born with neural mechanisms devoted exclusively to music. Studies show that " + "early and ongoing musical training helps organize and develop children's brains.
" + "-Susan Black, "The Musical Mind," The American School Board Journal, January, 1997.", "Research shows that when a child listens to classical music, the right hemisphere is " + "activated. However, when a child studies a musical instrument, both the right and left hemispheres " + "of the brain are activated. Significantly, the areas that become activated are the same areas " + "that are involved in analytical and mathematical thinking.
" + "-Dee Dickinson, "Music and the Mind," New Horizons for Learning, 1993.", "Students in two Rhode Island elementary schools who were given an " + "enriched, sequential, skill-building music program showed marked improvement in reading " + "and math skills. Students in the music program who has started out behind the control " + "group achieved statistical equality in reading and pulled ahead in math.
" + "-Gardiner, Fox, Jeffrey, and Knowles, Nature, May 23, 1996.", "The arts are recognized as a core subject in the Goals 2000: Educate America Act" + " approved by both houses of Congress in 1994.
" + "-National Education Goals Panel.", "A two-year Swiss study involving 1,200 children in 50 schools showed that " + "students involved in the music program were better at languages, learned to read more easily, showed " + "an improved social climate, demonstrated more enjoyment in school, and had a lower stress " + "level than non-music students.
" + "-E.W. Weber, M. Spychiger, and J.L. Patry, 1993.", "Research shows when the arts are included in a student's curriculum, reading, " + "writing, and math scores improve.
" + "-J. Buchen Milley, A. Oderlund, and J. Mortarotti, "The Arts: An Essential Ingredient in " + "Education," The California Council of the Fine Arts Deans.", "When researchers analyzed the NELS:88 database of the U.S. Department of " + "Education, which tracked 25,000 students over a ten-year period, they discovered that students " + "who were involved in music scored higher on standardized tests and reading tests than students " + "not taking music courses. This finding was consistent for students of all socioeconomic backgrounds.
" + "-Dr. James Catterall, UCLA.", "The Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania School District analyzed its 1997 dropout " + "rate in terms of students' musical experience. Students with no ensemble performance experience " + "had a dropout rate of 7.4%. Students with one to two years of ensemble experience had a dropout " + "rate of 1%, and those with three or more years of performance experience had a dropout rate of 0.0%.
" + "-Eleanor Chute, "Music and Art Lessons Do More Than Complement Three R's," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 13, 1998.", "Students with band and orchestra experience attend college at a rate " + "twice the national average.
" + "-Bands Across the U.S.A.", "One in three of today's school-aged children will hold an arts-related " + "job at some time in his or her career.
" + "-Education Commission on the States.", "Music therapists working with Alzheimer's patients have found " + "that rhythmic interaction or listening to music resulted in decreased agitation, " + "increased focus and concentration, enhanced ability to respond verbally and behaviorally, " + "elimination of demented speech, improved ability to respond to questions, and better social interaction.
" + "-"Carol Prickett and Randall Moore, "The Use of Music to Aid Memory of Alzheimer\u0027s " + "Patients," Journal of Music Therapy, 1991.", "Medical researchers have reported that subjects lowered both their systolic " + "and diastolic blood pressure as much as 5 points (mm/Hg) and reduced their heart rates by four to " + "five beats per minute following music listening sessions. People with high blood pressure can help " + "keep their blood pressure down by listening to tapes of relaxing low frequency " + "music in the morning and evening.
" + "-Tony Wigram, "The Psychological and Physiological Effects of Low Frequency " + "Sound and Music,"Music Therapy Perspectives, 1995.", "Freidman studied the effect of instrumental students missing regular classroom instruction in reading " + "and mathematics. The researcher concluded that the loss of regular classroom time did not " + "hinder achievement on the Stanford Achievement test. In fact, a " + "significant difference in reading scores was observed, favoring instrumental musicians.
" + "Friedman, B. 1960. An Evaluation of the Achievement in Reading and Arithmetic of Pupils in Elementary " + "School Instrumental Music Classes. Dissertation Abstracts International.", "Kvet compared reading, language, and math achievement of sixth graders and found \u0022no significant " + "difference in achievement between students who are excused from regular classroom activities for the " + "study of instrumental music and students not studying instrumental music.\u0022 (Kvet, p.45)
" + "Kvet, Edward J. Excusing Elementary School Students from Regular Classroom Activities for the Study " + "of Instrumental Music: The Effects on Sixth Grade Reading, Language, and Mathematics Achievement. " + "Journal of Research in Music Education, Spring 1985, pp. 45-54.", "Circle, music supervisor of the Shawnee Mission School District, determined that test scores of the " + "instrumental students were higher in both math and in reading. After comparing scores of participants and " + "non-participants on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Circle believes that participation in the music program " + "increases student's achievement.
" + "Circle, David. 1989. Pulling Your Child for Music Lessons Does Not Hurt Grades. " + " Available: http://geocities.com/Athens/2405/pullouts.html [1999, July 7]", "Holmes conducted a three-year comparison study of fifth grade participants\u0027 and non-participants\u0027 " + "scores on the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills. Holmes found that music students continually surpassed " + "their non-participant peers in academic achievement.
" + "Holmes, David Monroe. 1997. An Examination of Fifth Grade Instrumental Music Programs and Their Relationships " + "With Music and Academic Achievement (Band). Dissertation from University of Washington.", "Dryden studied fifth grade students\u0027 achievement on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills in Kansas. When " + "comparing students involved in a music pullout program to students not involved in the music pullout program, " + "the results showed that \u0022excusing elementary students from regular classroom activities does not negatively " + "affect achievement in math or reading.\u0022 (Dreyden, p. 72)
" + "Dryden, Susannah. 1992. The Impact of Instrumental Music Instruction on the Academic Achievement of " + "Fifth Grade Students. (ERIC Document Reproduction Services No. ED 368 634)." , "Wallick compared Ohio Proficiency Test Results of fourth graders participating in a string pullout " + "program to those of matched ability who were not participating in the music pullout program. The results favored " + "string students\u0027 achievement in reading and in citizenship and there was no significant difference between the " + "two groups in writing or math sections.
" + "Wallick, Michael. 1995. A Comparison Study of the Ohio Proficiency Test Results Between Fourth-Grade " + "Spring Pullout Students and Those of Matched Ability. Available: " + "http://www.menc.org/prublications/articles/academic/wallick.htm [1999, July 7]") fillInCt = fillIn.length